An understanding of the basic structure of atoms is required in order to understand the conversion of mechanical or chemical energy to electrical energy. In addition, the atomic structure is important in generating electric current in the conducting medium and using the correct insulator in isolating electric voltages.
Electron Theory (Electron Theory)
To make you able to understand the basic theory of electricity, it is necessary to know what matter is, and how matter is broken down into its smallest parts.
Definition of Electrons or Matter (Matter or Electron Definition):
Matter is something that has mass and takes up space. Substance cannot be created or destroyed, but it exists in three forms.
1. Solid Form (Solid)
2. Liquid Form (Liquid)
3.Gaseous Form (Gas)
Atom
Definition: Atoms are the smallest particles of matter that can take part in chemical changes.
Protons Have an electric charge called positive (+ Ve)
Electrons have the same electric charge but opposite the proton which is called negative (-Ve)
Neutrons have no electric charge.
In each atom the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons. However, a perfect atom in its normal state is called a neutral charge.
Ions and Ionization
As electrons outside the shell (electron trajectory) of the atom, which are relatively far from the effects of the containment of the nucleus, it is possible for an atom to gain or lose electrons and become electrically unbalanced. If this situation occurs, the atom will turn into an ion.
The process of gaining and losing electrons is known as ionization.
Static Load
Static charges arise in materials when there is sufficient electric force to remove electrons from the original atom and there is no small way for electrons to allow them to escape. One example is friction. Friction is a form of external energy that can create a static charge on a particular material. If two materials rub together there is a distribution of electrons. More friction will result in a bigger payload.
Definition: Static electricity is an electric charge formed on the surface of a material.
Hazards from Static Electricity
Static electricity caused by friction is a hazard for industrial processes dealing with combustible materials.
In order to overcome this hazard, an outlet for the static charge must be made to leak it out without causing a spark.
Static Loads can also cause a computer to lose memory. It is very important that when a computer is installed in an industrial or commercial situation the first step to take is to reduce the static load.
Electrical Materials
You have got the understanding that an external force can produce a static chrage in the distribution of electrons to the surface of a certain material.
Most of the materials that can cause this event are not metallic. If an electric force is applied to a metallic substance, the electrons and the resulting charge do not collect on the surface but spread throughout the material.
This difference in results is due to differences in atomic structure, so that materials can now be broken down into two general classifications with respect to their electrical elements:
Isolators and Conductors
Isolator: a material in which the outer electrons that surround the atom are difficult to escape.
This requires a large amount of external force to channel electrons.
Conductor: material that has atoms with the outer electrons easily released.
It only requires a small external force to cause electrons to discharge. This easy movement of electrons is known as "free electrons" ("free electrons").
Degrees of Conductivity
Copper is the best conductor compared to carbon.
Comparing the outer shell (electron trajectory) of the two atoms that has been shown previously, it can be seen that carbon has four possible out of eight possible shells (electron trajectory) on the outside but copper has one possible electron out of 32 possible shells (electron trajectory) on the outside. outside. The outer shell (electron trajectory) of the copper atom is also further away from the influence of the neucleus.
However, the force required to move electrons through copper will be less than that required to move electrons through carbon. Copper is also called a better conductor than carbon.
Equally, if the atomic structure of silver (element 47) is examined, it will appear that silver is a better conductor than copper.
Note: Silver is the finest metallic which is known as an electric conductor.
Semi-Conductor
The term semi-conductor should not be confused with. They are not half conductors.
Semi-conductor is an insulator with low temperature and reliable as a good conductor at higher temperatures.
You may have heard of the term semi-conductor material used in the manufacturing of transistors, diodes, and thyristors and used in the electronics industry.
Electric Current Flow
In previous lessons you got an understanding of the construction and parts of an atom, and that if an external force is used then the movement of electrons will occur.
Electric "flowing current" is the order of the movement of electrons from one atom to a nearby atom.
It is the "external force" that causes electrons to move from the outside of the shell (electron trajectory) of an atom towards the outside of the atom.
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